Which of the following are considered principles of cloud-native application development?

The principles of cloud-native application development encompass various aspects that enable developers to create applications optimized for cloud environments.

Infrastructure independence is a crucial aspect, as it allows applications to be deployed across various cloud environments without being tied to a specific infrastructure. This flexibility is essential for taking advantage of the scalability and resource allocation offered by the cloud.

Microservices architecture is another foundational principle, promoting the development of applications as a collection of loosely coupled, independently deployable services. This approach enhances modularity and allows teams to work simultaneously on different parts of an application, thus speeding up development and deployment cycles.

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) play a significant role in cloud-native applications by enabling seamless communication between different microservices and external systems. APIs provide standardized methods for interaction, promoting extensibility and integration with other technologies.

Considering these principles collectively highlights the foundational design and operational philosophies that define cloud-native application development. Therefore, the correct answer encompasses all these critical principles, underscoring that a holistic understanding of these elements collectively enhances the effectiveness and adaptability of applications within cloud environments.